We meet twice this week: Tuesday and Thursday. For Tuesday, you should have read and answered all chapter questions on chapter 4 in the red review book on Biomes. Thursday we will do the same for chapter 5 on population.
We'll begin each class with a Free Response Question (FRQ), then go on to notes on the chapter.
- Reservoir, exchange pool and residency time are all critical topics, as is conservation of matter
- Know the difference between respiration and transpiration, and between surface and ground water (sources, pollution, etc.)
- Be able to track carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus in their cycles, and where the main sinks for these are
- Know the 5 steps in nitrogen uptake
- Autotrophs, heterotrophs and chemotrophs: how they interact
- Define NPP, GPP and be able to track energy flow in a food web
- Differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers, detrivores and decomposers
- Define trophic levels, and know how much energy is transferred between these
- Be able to justify moving the human population away from a carnivorous diet, and defend the opposing view as well
- Differentiate between bioaccumulation (one animal) and biomagnification (M for Many animals)
- Be familiar with at least 7 of the biomes defined online (check on wikipedia) and in your review book
- Explain and defend biodiversity, and explain why it is so hard to reproduce once lost
- Explain the conditions necessary for evolution to occur (this may need other sources to answer)
- Know what genetic drift and natural selection are all about
- What is the difference between a population and a community
- Define both types of competition
- Explain competitive exclusion and Gause's principle
- Explain the main relationships: symbiotic, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
- Keystone, indicator, indigenous, invasive and endangered species
- Succession in all forms
- Edge effect, fragmentation, island biogeography
Your AP exam is in two weeks.
Below is the beginning of our review module. Please read carefully, and ask questions when we are in class.
We will try to go over each of these, but it is your responsibility to let us know which of these topics below are unfamiliar to you.
You may notice that many of these topics are in the chapters we are studying this week.
Keystone species: influence greater than relative abundance
ex: predator keeps herbivore pop down, preserves rare grass
Biomes:
terrestrial, freshwater, marine
latitude, humidity, elevation-terrestrial
freshwater:
rivers, wetlands and basins (deeper than what they serve)
marine:
neritic -close to shelf
benthic-deep, sloping away from con shelf
pelagic-open sea
abyssal-very deep
hadal-trenches
food webs:
connections of energy from producer to consumer
trophic pyramid (see plankton to ahi, bioaccumulation biomagnification)
primary producers: autotrophs-photosynthetic plants, chemotrophic (sulfur)-inorganic sources (also foundation species)
heterotrophs-get energy from organic sources:
herbivores, carnivores, scavengers
lots of energy lost between trophic levels (thermodynamics)
ecosystems-
abiotic environment
producers-autotrophs, e.g. plants
consumers-heterotrophs, e.g. herbivores, canrivores
decomposers-detritovores
photosynthesis-
CO2, water, light into organic compounds (e.g. sugars)
photoautotrophs-plants
carbon fixation (redox rx) reduction is CO2 to CHO
chlorophyll, carotenes and xanthophylls
cellular respiration-
conversion of energy to ATP (phosphate bonds)
glucose, amino acids and fatty acids with O2 as an oxidizer (accepts electrons) OIL RIG
aerobic and anaerobic metabolysis (aerobic is 19x more efficient)
TCA cycle, mitochondria
biodiversity-
variation of life forms within a biome or ecosystem
genetic
species
ecosystem
creates stability and robustness in ecosystems
biogeochemical cycles (nutrient cycles)
how an element or molecule travels through biotic (living things) and abiotic (earth, air, water) parts of earth
reservoirs may differ: N2 in air, P in soil
closed system: C N O P
open system: energy, e.g. photosynthesis
cycles:
carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
phosphorus
water
also mercury and atrazine (herbicide)
GM crops
genetic engineering vs. selective breeding or mutation breeding
concerns: ecological, economic (LDC) and IP rights (see Monsanto)
uses restriction enzymes to ID and isolate genes
inserted using gene gun (plasmid) or agrobacterium
GMO
insertion or deletion of genes
recombinant DNA, transgenic organisms
if no DNA from other species, cisgenic (cis vs trans)
lentiviruses-can transfer genes to animal cells
Genentech-Berkeley 1978, created human insulin from E. Coli (vs. cow or pig insulin)
pesticides-
biological, chemical, antimicrobial, disinfectant
pests: pathogens, insects, weeds, mullosks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes and microbes
any food competitor or spoiler, also disease vectors
herbicides-glyphosate (roundup)
insecticides-HCl, carbamates, pyrethrins, etc.
green fungicides-paldoxins
EPA regulates
banned: carcinogenic, mutagenic or bioaccumulators
see also NRDC
pesticide laws-
Federal insecticide act-1910
Federal insecticide, fungicide and rodenticide act (FIFRA)-1947 then 1972, 1988
1947-ag dept
1972-EPA
3 categories: antimicrobials, biopesticides, conventional
forest management-
silviculture, protection and regulation
conservation and economic concerns
watershed management included
see also FSC 1993, forest stewardship council
applied ecology-
conservation biology, ecology, habitat management
invasive species management
rangeland management
restoration ecology
land management-
habitat conservation
sustainable ag
urban planning
sustainable ag-
environmental stewardship
farm profitability
farming communities
e.g. ability to produce food indefinitely, without causing damage to ecosystem health
see also erosion, irrigation/salinization, crop rotation
see also landraces, e.g. prairie grasses
mining laws-
SMCRA
surface mining control and reclamation act (1977)
1. regulates active coal mines
2. reclamation of abandoned mines
dept of interior admin
response to strip mining (1930+)
SMCRA
regulation:
1. standards of performance
2. permitting
3. bonding
4. inspection/enforcement
5. land restrictions
compare to 1945 strip mining practices
Fisheries laws-
monitor and protect fisheries resources
overfishing conference 1936
1957: Beverton and Holt did study on fish dynamics
goals:
1. max sustainable biomass yield
2. max sust. econ yield
3. secure employment
4. secure protein supply
5. income from export
6. bio and economic yield
UNCLOS-UN convention on law of the sea
EEZ-exclusive economic zones
12 mi = coastal sovereignty
200 mi = fishing restrictions
2004-UN made stricter laws on fisheries mgt.
1995 code of conduct for responsible fisheries
quotas, taxation, enforcement (USCG)
tragedy of the commons-
1968 Science article-Garrett Hardin
individual benefit, common damage
strict management of global common goods
see also overgrazing, pollution, privatization
"a fundamental extension of morality"
ozone depletion-
stratospheric ozone depletion
4% since 1970
ozone hole over antarctica
catalytic destruction of ozone by chlorine and bromine
halogen compounds CFCs (freons) and bromofluorocarbons (halons)
ODS ozone depleting substances
ozone blocks UVB 270-315 nm
Montreal protocol 1987 banned CFCs
O + O3 --> 2O2 (transparent)
Cl + O3 -->ClO + O2
ClO + O3 -->Cl + 2O2
effects:
1. ++ carcinomas
2. melanomas
3. cataracts
4. ++ tropospheric ozone (toxic)
5. kills cyanobacteria (rice nitrogen fixers)
Water quality:
WQI is a composite of many qualities (see below)
BOD is a measure of the oxygen demand to decompose organic materials
BOD measures the rate of oxygen uptake by micro-organisms in a sample of water at a temperature of 20°C and over an elapsed period of five days in the dark.
The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category:
Drinking water
▪ Alkalinity
▪ Color of water
▪ pH
▪ Taste and odor (geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), etc)
▪ Dissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium)
▪ Microorganisms such as fecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia
▪ Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.)
▪ Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), dissolved organic carbon
▪ Radon
▪ Heavy metals
▪ Pharmaceuticals
▪ Hormone analogs
Environmental
Chemical assessment
▪ Conductivity (also see salinity)
▪ Dissolved Oxygen
▪ nitrate-N
▪ orthophosphates
▪ Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
▪ Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
▪ Pesticides
Physical assessment
▪ pH
▪ Temperature
▪ Total suspended solids (TSS)
▪ Turbidity
Electrical power numbers:
1 Watt
1000 Watts = 1 kW
These measure rate of energy use (this is called power)
energy use: power x time
kW x hours or kWh
example: 1 kWh is a 500 Watt device used for 2 hours
MWh is a megawatt hour
power plants are often rated in MW rating, or GW rating (gigawatt, or 1000 MW)
LD50 is the measure of toxicity that kills 50% of the population after 2 weeks
The LD50 is usually expressed as the mass of substance administered per unit mass of test subject, such as grams of substance per kilogram of body mass.
As a measure of toxicity, LD50 is somewhat unreliable and results may vary greatly between testing facilities due to factors such as the genetic characteristics of the sample population, animal species tested, environmental factors and mode of administration.[3] Another weakness is that it measures acute toxicity only (as opposed to chronic toxicity at lower doses), and does not take into account toxic effects that do not result in death but are nonetheless serious (e.g. brain damage). There can be wide variability between species as well; what is relatively safe for rats may very well be extremely toxic for humans, and vice versa. In other words, a relatively high LD50 does not necessarily mean a substance is harmless, but a very low one is always a cause for concern.
see also LC50: lethal concentration
3 laws of thermodynamics:
1. you cannot win (no process can be more than 100% efficient)
2. you cannot break even (no process can be even 100% efficient)
3. you cannot get out of the game (entropy or disorder tends to increase in spontaneous processes)
See also Gibbs free energy: ∆G = ∆H - T∆S or "goldfish are hell without tartar sauce"
ENSO: el nine southern oscillation
coriolis effect: recall hurricane iniki
aquifer: have an example ready for the depletion/pollution and describe recharge rate
main soil types, main rock types, geological basics (eras etc.)
climate shifts: how do these effect migration and location of animals? Why not plants?
fertility rates, doubling times (rule of 70), demographic transitions, age-structure diagrams
nutritional requirements
sustainable ag (see above)
urban sprawl: define. How has the auto made this possible?
urban heat island effect: define
ore concentration curves
CAFE standards-definition, impact, exceptions
K and r strategists
Rule of 70 for population growth doubling times
21/1000 numbers for population-why?
immigration vs. emigration-define
TBR-total birth rate
soil layers-see redbook on this one
Keep checking here for updates.
aloha
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